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Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain.
Cerebral infarction, also known as an ischemic stroke, is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). [1] In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among people and the 2nd cause of death. [2]
Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. [5] There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. [5] Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly. [5]
Dicamba is toxic to conifer species but is in general less toxic to grasses. [2] Dicamba is a synthetic auxin that functions by increasing plant growth rate, leading to senescence and cell death. [2] [11] The growth regulating properties of dicamba were first discovered by Zimmerman and Hitchcock in 1942. [12]
Atrial fibrillation causes blood clots to form within the heart, which may travel to the arteries within the brain and cause an embolism. The embolism prevents blood flow to the brain, which leads to a stroke. [26] An aneurysm is an abnormal bulging of small sections of arteries, which increases the risk of artery rupture.
Global brain ischemia occurs when blood flow to the brain is halted or drastically reduced. This is commonly caused by cardiac arrest. If sufficient circulation is restored within a short period of time, symptoms may be transient. However, if a significant amount of time passes before restoration, brain damage may be permanent.
The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply). [1] This is typically secondary to stroke, injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack.
Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion).It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).