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Ballasts for sign lighting in the United States, are heavier duty than other ballasts because the cooler outdoor temperatures increase the energy required to start a fluorescent tube. They are sized based on the total tube length used. Typical European 230V series choke ballast 40W T12 or 36W T8 fluorescent lamps.
T5 retrofit conversion can maintain existing lighting levels with the higher efficiency of the T5 lamp. However, with kits that operates the lamp on the existing magnetic ballast, the efficiency drops and the lamp life is considerably shortened, as T5 lamps aren't designed to be operated on mains frequency but only on high frequency.
In the 1970s, 34-watt energy-saving F40T12 fluorescent lamps were intoroduced in the United States. In the 1980s, T8 32-watt lamps were introduced, [8] but unlike the T8 tubes introduced in Europe, these T8s are not retrofits and require new matching ballasts to drive them. These ballasts were originally magnetic, but most today are electronic.
This type of ballast is common in 220–240V countries (And in North America, up to 30W lamps). Ballasts are rated for the size of lamp and power frequency. In North America, the AC voltage is insufficient to start long fluorescent lamps, so the ballast is often a step-up autotransformer with substantial leakage inductance (to limit current flow).
Diagram showing the water pollution of the seas from untreated ballast water discharges Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment . The discharge of ballast water and sediments by ships is governed globally under the Ballast Water Management Convention , since its entry into force in September 2017.
Work was started on a 105 mm version of the T8 using the T19 split trail carriage in October 1944. [2] The T8 105 mm anti-tank gun weighed 8 short tons (16,000 lbs/7,257 kg) It had a split trail carriage and magnesium wheels with synthetic rubber tires. In transportation, the mount could be rotated 180 degrees in order to reduce the length of ...
Combined with water in the ballast, these fines stick together, making the ballast like a lump of concrete. This hinders both track drainage and the flexibility of the ballast to constrain the track as it moves under traffic. [2] Ballast cleaning removes this worn ballast, screens it and replaces the "dirty" worn ballast with fresh ballast.