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In mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement that brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries .
The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP). Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions.
Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration. In most fish , and a number of other aquatic animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates ), the respiratory system consists of gills , which are either partially or completely external organs, bathed in the ...
The control of ventilation is the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and balancing of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration. [1]
Studies indicate that there are numerous other sites within the brain that may be associated with voluntary expiration. The inferior portion of the primary motor cortex may be involved, specifically, in controlled exhalation. [9] Activity has also been seen within the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex during voluntary respiration.
Maintenance respiration, the amount of cellular respiration required for an organism to maintain itself in a constant state; Respiration (physiology), transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the external environment Respiratory system, the anatomical system of an organism used for respiration
Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, which involve the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell. During aerobic respiration, ATP is synthesized in the mitochondrion by addition of a third phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in a ...
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in cells to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. [48] The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Respiration ...