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An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have four nuclei [5] and are 150–200 μm in diameter. When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert macrophages to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 μm in diameter occur. These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major ...
Osteoclasts were discovered in 1873. [3] However, it was not until the development of the organ culture in the 1970s that their origin and function could be deduced. Although there was a consensus early on about the physiological function of osteoclasts, theories on their origins were heavily debated.
Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, and along with osteoblasts and osteocytes form the structural components of bone. In the hollow within bones are many other cell types of the bone marrow . Components that are essential for osteoblast bone formation include mesenchymal stem cells (osteoblast precursor) and blood vessels that supply oxygen and ...
The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium , magnesium , phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone.
[16] [7] Sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, is the first mediator of communication between osteocytes, bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, critical for bone remodeling. [20] Only osteocytes express sclerostin, which acts in a paracrine fashion to inhibit bone formation. [20]
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
5741 19226 Ensembl ENSG00000152266 ENSMUSG00000059077 UniProt P01270 Q9Z0L6 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000315 NM_001316352 NM_020623 RefSeq (protein) NP_000306 NP_001303281 NP_065648 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 13.49 – 13.5 Mb Chr 7: 112.98 – 112.99 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted ...
Osteoclast maturation and activity is also regulated by activation of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). [104] Menopause-associated increase production of TNF-α stimulates stromal cells to produce colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) which activates CSF1R and stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone. [105]