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Convex geometry is a relatively young mathematical discipline. Although the first known contributions to convex geometry date back to antiquity and can be traced in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, it became an independent branch of mathematics at the turn of the 20th century, mainly due to the works of Hermann Brunn and Hermann Minkowski in dimensions two and three.
The term convex is often referred to as convex down or concave upward, and the term concave is often referred as concave down or convex upward. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] If the term "convex" is used without an "up" or "down" keyword, then it refers strictly to a cup shaped graph ∪ {\displaystyle \cup } .
The convex-hull operation is needed for the set of convex sets to form a lattice, in which the "join" operation is the convex hull of the union of two convex sets = = ( ()). The intersection of any collection of convex sets is itself convex, so the convex subsets of a (real or complex) vector space form a complete lattice .
An example of a convex polygon: a regular pentagon. In geometry, a convex polygon is a polygon that is the boundary of a convex set. This means that the line segment between two points of the polygon is contained in the union of the interior and the boundary of the polygon. In particular, it is a simple polygon (not self-intersecting). [1]
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A convex curve (black) forms a connected subset of the boundary of a convex set (blue), and has a supporting line (red) through each of its points. A parabola, a convex curve that is the graph of the convex function () = In geometry, a convex curve is a plane curve that has a supporting line through each of its points.
Uniform polyhedra can be divided between convex forms with convex regular polygon faces and star forms. Star forms have either regular star polygon faces or vertex figures or both. This list includes these: all 75 nonprismatic uniform polyhedra; a few representatives of the infinite sets of prisms and antiprisms;
The classical convex polytopes may be considered tessellations, or tilings, of spherical space. Tessellations of euclidean and hyperbolic space may also be considered regular polytopes. Note that an 'n'-dimensional polytope actually tessellates a space of one dimension less.