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In phosphors and scintillators, the activator is the element added as dopant to the crystal of the material to create desired type of nonhomogeneities.. In luminescence, only a small fraction of atoms, called emission centers or luminescence centers, emit light.
Luminol and haemoglobin, an example of chemiluminescence UV-photoluminescence in microbiological diagnostics. Luminescence is a spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment.
Electrochemiluminescence or electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is a kind of luminescence produced during electrochemical reactions in solutions. In electrogenerated chemiluminescence, electrochemically generated intermediates undergo a highly exergonic reaction to produce an electronically excited state that then emits light upon relaxation to a lower-level state.
Fluorescent solutions under UV light. Absorbed photons are rapidly re-emitted under longer electromagnetic wavelengths. Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). [1]
Electron-stimulated luminescence (ESL) is production of light by cathodoluminescence, [1] [2] [3] [4] i.e. by a beam of electrons made to hit a fluorescent phosphor ...
Mechanochromic luminescence (ML) references to intensity and/or color changes of (solid-state) luminescent materials induced by mechanical forces, such as rubbing, crushing, pressing, shearing, or smearing.
Radioluminescent paint is a self-luminous paint that consists of a small amount of a radioactive isotope (radionuclide) mixed with a radioluminescent phosphor chemical. The radioisotope continually decays, emitting radiation particles which strike molecules of the phosphor, exciting them to emit visible light.
The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. [1] It is neither fluorescence not phosphorescence. [2] [3] In fluorescence, the lifetime of the excited state lasts a few nanoseconds.