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Nerves may be compressed because of increased intracranial pressure, a mass effect of an intracerebral haemorrhage, or tumour that presses against the nerves and interferes with the transmission of impulses along the nerve. [22] Loss of function of a cranial nerve may sometimes be the first symptom of an intracranial or skull base cancer. [23]
The foramina in the base of the skull are exit and entry points for veins, arteries and cranial nerves. The cranial nerves as they exit through various foramina. Sphenoidal lingula; Subarcuate fossa; Dorsum sellae; Jugular process; Petro-occipital fissure; Condylar canal; Jugular tubercle; Tuberculum sellae; Carotid groove; Fossa hypophyseos ...
Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems), velopharyngeal insufficiency. This nerve is involved (together with nerve IX) in the pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex. XI Accessory
The glossopharyngeal nerve (/ ˌ ɡ l ɒ s oʊ f ə ˈ r ɪ n (d) ʒ i ə l,-ˌ f ær ən ˈ dʒ iː ə l / [1]), also known as the ninth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, [2] is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.
In neuroanatomy, the trigeminal nerve (lit. triplet nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply CN V, is a cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the most complex of the cranial nerves.
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. [a] CN XII is a nerve with a sole motor function.
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve VII, or simply CN VII, is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Leaving the skull, the nerve travels through the jugular foramen with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. [8] The spinal accessory nerve is notable for being the only cranial nerve to both enter and exit the skull. This is due to it being unique among the cranial nerves in having neurons in the spinal cord. [9]