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The fuel cell has a high efficiency peak at low load, while at high load the efficiency drops. The hydrogen combustion engine has a peak at high load and can achieve similar efficiency levels as a hydrogen fuel cell. [34] From this, one can deduce that hydrogen combustion engines are a match in terms of efficiency for fuel cells for heavy duty ...
The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1959. It was used as a primary source of electrical energy in the Apollo space program. [41] The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a suitable catalyst such as Pt, Ag, CoO, etc.
Whereas the common PEM fuel cell, also called Low Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (LT-PEM), must usually be operated with hydrogen with high purity of more than 99.9 % the HT-PEM fuel cell is less sensitive to impurities and thus is typically operated with reformate gas with hydrogen concentration of about 50 to 75 %.
For example, an ideal fuel cell operating at a temperature of 25 °C having gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen as inputs and liquid water as the output could produce a theoretical maximum amount of electrical energy of 237.129 kJ (0.06587 kWh) per gram mol (18.0154 gram) of water produced and would require 48.701 kJ (0.01353 kWh) per gram mol ...
Hydrogen fuel enhancement from electrolysis (using automotive alternators) has been promoted for use with gasoline-powered and diesel trucks, [14] [15] [16] although electrolysis-based designs have repeatedly failed efficiency tests and contradict widely accepted laws of thermodynamics (i.e. conservation of energy). Proponents, who sell the ...
Extremely expensive materials were used and the fuel cells required very pure hydrogen and oxygen. Early fuel cells tended to require inconveniently high operating temperatures that were a problem in many applications. However, fuel cells were seen to be desirable due to the large amounts of fuel available (hydrogen and oxygen). [citation needed]
Fuel cell type Dry weight Power-to-weight ratio Example use Redflow Power+BOS ZB600 10kWh ZBB [86] 900 kg 5.6 W/kg (9.3 W/kg peak) Rural Grid support Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen MG 2.0 CHP SOFC [87] 200 kg 10 W/kg 15 W/kg CHP: MTU Friedrichshafen 240 kW MCFC HotModule 2006 20,000 kg 12 W/kg Smart Fuel Cell Jenny 600S 25 W DMFC [88] 1.7 kg 14.7 W/kg
Fuel efficiency (or fuel economy) is a form of thermal efficiency, ... Toyota is test-marketing vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells in southern California, where ...