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Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
As early as the first century, the Chinese were refining crude oil for use as an energy source. [9] [8] Between 512 and 518, in the late Northern Wei dynasty, the Chinese geographer, writer and politician Li Daoyuan introduced the process of refining oil into various lubricants in his famous work Commentary on the Water Classic. [10] [9] [8]
Refining of crude oils essentially consists of primary separation processes and secondary conversion processes. The petroleum refining process is the separation of the different hydrocarbons present in crude oil into useful fractions and the conversion of some of the hydrocarbons into products having higher quality performance.
natural water displacing oil downward into the well; expansion of the associated petroleum gas at the top of the reservoir; expansion of the associated gas initially dissolved in the crude oil; gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where well extraction is located.
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.
[12] [13] [14] The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called atmospheric distillation column operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure. [10] [12] [13] Vacuum distillation can also be referred to as "low-temperature distillation". [citation needed]
Phillips 66 announced Wednesday that it will close its Wilmington-area refinery complex next year but will work with the state to continue supplying fuel to consumers.
The dead, stabilized crude flows to tanks for storage or to a pipeline for transport to customers such as an oil refinery. [3] [4] [7] The stabilization tower may typically operate at approximately 50 to 200 psig (345 – 1378 kPa). [5] Where the crude oil contains high levels of hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) a sour