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The investment model of commitment, originally described by Caryl E. Rusbult, is a predictive psychological theory that aims to explain why people remain in relationships. Its tenants are based primarily on those of interdependence theory , created by Harold Kelley and John Thibaut . [ 1 ]
The assumption of constant investment opportunities can be relaxed. This requires a model for how ,, change over time. An interest rate model could be added and would lead to a portfolio containing bonds of different maturities. Some authors have added a stochastic volatility model of stock market returns.
The Lehman Scale was widely used in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s but is no longer the standard that it used to be due to inflation ($100 in 1970 is $785 in 2023 dollars). To account for this, some banks developed variants in the 1990s that critics saw as overly greedy - for example, switching to $10 million increments (i.e., 5% of the first $10 ...
The traditional investment model often prioritizes financial returns above all else. However, a growing number of investors recognize their money can be a force for good, too.
Economies of scale is related to and can easily be confused with the theoretical economic notion of returns to scale. Where economies of scale refer to a firm's costs, returns to scale describe the relationship between inputs and outputs in a long-run (all inputs variable) production function.
Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective.The objective typically maximizes factors such as expected return, and minimizes costs like financial risk, resulting in a multi-objective optimization problem.
The Black–Scholes model assumes positive underlying prices; if the underlying has a negative price, the model does not work directly. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] When dealing with options whose underlying can go negative, practitioners may use a different model such as the Bachelier model [ 52 ] [ 53 ] or simply add a constant offset to the prices.
The AK model, which is the simplest endogenous model, gives a constant-savings rate of endogenous growth and assumes a constant, exogenous, saving rate. It models technological progress with a single parameter (usually A). The model is based on the assumption that the production function does not exhibit diminishing returns to scale.