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Back pressure is the term used for the hydraulic pressure required to create a flow through a chromatography column in high-performance liquid chromatography, the term deriving from the fact that it is generated by the resistance of the column, and exerts its influence backwards on the pump that must supply the flow.
Back pressure can force an undesirable contaminant to enter potable water piping. Sources of back pressure may be boilers, heat exchanging equipment, power washing equipment, fire sprinklers, or pumps in the water distribution system. In some cases there may be an almost continuous risk of overcoming the static water pressure in the piping.
As a water conservation measure, many water purification plants recycle filter backwash water and other product streams from sludge treatment processes back to the beginning of the plant. [ 4 ] : 22.40–22.43 [ 5 ] : 242–3 On June 8, 2001, the USEPA released a final regulation governing acceptable practices for recycling backwash water. [ 10 ]
Backflow occurs for one of two reasons, either back pressure or back siphonage. [1] Back pressure is the result of a higher pressure in the system than in its supply, i.e. the system pressure has been increased by some means. This may occur in unvented heating systems, where thermal expansion increases the pressure. Back siphonage is the result ...
Steam and water analysis system (SWAS) [1] is a system dedicated to the analysis of steam or water.In power stations, it is usually used to analyze boiler steam and water to ensure the water used to generate electricity is clean from impurities which can cause corrosion to any metallic surface, such as in boiler and turbine.
If the fluid is a liquid, a different type of limiting condition (also known as choked flow) occurs when the venturi effect acting on the liquid flow through the restriction causes a decrease of the liquid pressure beyond the restriction to below that of the liquid's vapor pressure at the prevailing liquid temperature.
A separation process unit such as a coalescer is often used to physically trigger a separation of the water and the oils. [19] For the treatment of potable water the overflow from the lamella clarifier will require further treatment to remove organic molecules as well as disinfection to remove bacteria. It will also be passed through a series ...
The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes.