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The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form:
A complex rational function with degree one is a Möbius transformation. Rational functions are representative examples of meromorphic functions. [3] Iteration of rational functions on the Riemann sphere (i.e. a rational mapping) creates discrete dynamical systems. [4] Julia sets for rational maps
Just as the definite integral of a positive function of one variable represents the area of the region between the graph of the function and the x-axis, the double integral of a positive function of two variables represents the volume of the region between the surface defined by the function (on the three-dimensional Cartesian plane where z = f(x, y)) and the plane which contains its domain. [1]
Instead of +∞ and −∞, we have only one ∞, at both ends of the real line. That is often appropriate when dealing with rational functions and with trigonometric functions. (This is the one-point compactification of the line.) As x varies, the point (cos x, sin x) winds repeatedly around the unit circle centered at (0, 0). The point
For example, one proof notes that if could be represented as a ratio of integers, then it would have in particular the fully reduced representation a / b where a and b are the smallest possible; but given that a / b equals so does 2b − a / a − b (since cross-multiplying this with a / b shows that they are equal).
The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...
For example, a quadratic for the numerator and a cubic for the denominator is identified as a quadratic/cubic rational function. The rational function model is a generalization of the polynomial model: rational function models contain polynomial models as a subset (i.e., the case when the denominator is a constant).
Lüroth's problem concerns subextensions L of K(X), the rational functions in the single indeterminate X. Any such field is either equal to K or is also rational, i.e. L = K(F) for some rational function F. In geometrical terms this states that a non-constant rational map from the projective line to a curve C can only occur when C also has genus 0.