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A silver porringer created by John Coney, c. 1710, Birmingham Museum of Art. A porringer is a shallow bowl, between 4 and 6 inches (100–150 mm) in diameter, and 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 inches (38–76 mm) deep; the form originated in the medieval period in Europe and was made in wood, ceramic, pewter, cast iron and silver. They had flat, horizontal ...
Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields.
Several parameters have been used to describe the structure of a porin protein. They include the tilting angle (α), shear number (S), strand number (n), and barrel radius (R). [6] The tilting angle refers to the angle relative to the membrane. The shear number (S) is the number of amino acid residues found in each β strands.
Microbiology (from Ancient Greek μῑκρος (mīkros) 'small' βίος (bíos) 'life' and -λογία () 'study of') is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).
It is used by all types of bacteria, as well as archaea, and chloroplasts and mitochondria of plants. [12] In bacteria, the Tat system exports proteins from the cytoplasm across the inner cell membrane; whereas in chloroplasts, it is present in the thylakoid membrane where it aids the import of proteins from the stroma. [ 13 ]
Once a bacterium has been identified following microbiological culture, antibiotics are selected for susceptibility testing. [5] Susceptibility testing methods are based on exposing bacteria to antibiotics and observing the effect on the growth of the bacteria (phenotypic testing), or identifying specific genetic markers (genetic testing). [6]
Whichever material is used, the demand for veneers, which are considered more durable and longer-lasting than lower-priced bonding, is growing—fast.
In microbiology, the process of electroporation is often used to transform bacteria, yeast, or plant protoplasts by introducing new coding DNA. If bacteria and plasmids are mixed together, the plasmids can be transferred into the bacteria after electroporation, though depending on what is being transferred, cell-penetrating peptides or cell ...