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Serbs in the Ottoman Empire were maltreated and accused of being Serbian agents. [9] Panic ensued, and Serbs, primarily from the border areas fled to Serbia. [9] Albanians who participated in the Greco-Turkish War (1897) used weapons not turned in to the authorities against the Serbs in Old Serbia. [10]
Uğur Ümit Üngör, a Dutch–Turkish historian and professor of genocide studies, explains that the mass violence and enslavement which occurred in the late Ottoman Empire and its successor state includes, but is not limited to, the Adana massacre; the persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction; the Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian genocides; the 1921 Koçgiri massacres; "the mass ...
Roger Owen and Şevket Pamuk estimate that during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire (1912–1922), when the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the War of Independence took place in areas that were later to become part of Turkey, the "total casualties, military and civilian, of Muslims during this decade are estimated as close to two million."
The Ottoman Empire [l] (/ ˈ ɒ t ə m ə n / ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire, [24] [25] was an imperial realm [m] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
The eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire were historically insecure; [17] the Kurdish rebels attacked the inhabitants of towns and villages with impunity. [18] In 1890–91, at a time when the empire was either too weak and disorganized or reluctant to halt them, Sultan Abdul Hamid gave semi-official status to the Kurdish bandits.
Within the Ottoman Empire, some civil crimes (rather than rebel activity/treasonous behavior), such as highway robbery, might be punished by impalement. For some periods at least, executions for civil crimes were claimed to have been rather rare in the Ottoman Empire.
The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz [10] against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.
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