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More formally, multiplying two n-digit numbers using long multiplication requires Θ(n 2) single-digit operations (additions and multiplications). When implemented in software, long multiplication algorithms must deal with overflow during additions, which can be expensive.
Cross-multiplication can be used to reduce the multiplication of two large numbers into a series of additions and single-digit multiplications. Example: 1) The right-most digits are multiplied together: > is the final digit of the answer.
Karatsuba multiplication of az+b and cz+d (boxed), and 1234 and 567 with z=100. Magenta arrows denote multiplication, amber denotes addition, silver denotes subtraction and cyan denotes left shift. (A), (B) and (C) show recursion with z=10 to obtain intermediate values. The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm.
With the chisanbop method it is possible to represent all numbers from 0 to 99 with the hands, rather than the usual 0 to 10, and to perform the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of numbers. [4] The system has been described as being easier to use than a physical abacus for students with visual impairments. [5]
Four bags with three marbles per bag gives twelve marbles (4 × 3 = 12). Multiplication can also be thought of as scaling. Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit.
If the sum contains more than one digit, the value of the tens place is carried into the next diagonal (see Step 2). Step 2. Numbers are filled to the left and to the bottom of the grid, and the answer is the numbers read off down (on the left) and across (on the bottom). In the example shown, the result of the multiplication of 58 with 213 is ...
so 3 × 17 = 30 + 21 = 51. This is the "grid" or "boxes" structure which gives the multiplication method its name. Faced with a slightly larger multiplication, such as 34 × 13, pupils may initially be encouraged to also break this into tens. So, expanding 34 as 10 + 10 + 10 + 4 and 13 as 10 + 3, the product 34 × 13 might be represented:
Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.