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[7] [8] [9] For a write-preferring RW lock one can use two integer counters and one Boolean flag: num_readers_active: the number of readers that have acquired the lock (integer) num_writers_waiting: the number of writers waiting for access (integer) writer_active: whether a writer has acquired the lock (Boolean).
Integer overflow can be demonstrated through an odometer overflowing, a mechanical version of the phenomenon. All digits are set to the maximum 9 and the next increment of the white digit causes a cascade of carry-over additions setting all digits to 0, but there is no higher digit (1,000,000s digit) to change to a 1, so the counter resets to zero.
Convolution is used to add two independent random variables defined by distribution functions. Its usual definition combines integration, subtraction, and multiplication. [96] In general, convolution is useful as a kind of domain-side addition; by contrast, vector addition is a kind of range-side addition.
In number theory and computer science, the partition problem, or number partitioning, [1] is the task of deciding whether a given multiset S of positive integers can be partitioned into two subsets S 1 and S 2 such that the sum of the numbers in S 1 equals the sum of the numbers in S 2.
A Fenwick tree or binary indexed tree (BIT) is a data structure that stores an array of values and can efficiently compute prefix sums of the values and update the values. It also supports an efficient rank-search operation for finding the longest prefix whose sum is no more than a specified value.
A fixed-point representation of a fractional number is essentially an integer that is to be implicitly multiplied by a fixed scaling factor. For example, the value 1.23 can be stored in a variable as the integer value 1230 with implicit scaling factor of 1/1000 (meaning that the last 3 decimal digits are implicitly assumed to be a decimal fraction), and the value 1 230 000 can be represented ...
A short integer can represent a whole number that may take less storage, while having a smaller range, compared with a standard integer on the same machine. In C, it is denoted by short. It is required to be at least 16 bits, and is often smaller than a standard integer, but this is not required.
For each vertex v that this loop examines, add v to the clique if it is adjacent to every vertex that is already in the clique, and discard v otherwise. This algorithm runs in linear time . [ 25 ] Because of the ease of finding maximal cliques, and their potential small size, more attention has been given to the much harder algorithmic problem ...