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Giri [1] [2] is a Japanese value roughly corresponding to "duty", "obligation", or even "burden of obligation" in English. Namiko Abe [clarification needed] defines it as "to serve one's superiors with a self-sacrificing devotion". [citation needed] It is among the complex Japanese values that involve loyalty, gratitude, and moral debt. [3]
Older usage of the term goes back to Jeremy Bentham, who coined it prior to 1816 as a synonym of dicastic or censorial ethics (i.e., ethics based on judgement). [9] [10] The more general sense of the word is retained in French, especially in the term code de déontologie (ethical code), in the context of professional ethics.
A sense-of-duty is also a virtue or personality trait that characterizes someone who is diligent about fulfilling individual duties or who confidently knows their calling. A sense-of-duty can also come from a need to fulfill familial pressures and desires. This is typically seen in a militaristic or patriotic way. [1]
Within the system of what is now called "Roman religion (in the modern sense of the word), the term religio originally meant an obligation to the gods, something expected by them from human beings or a matter of particular care or concern as related to the gods, [16] "reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety". [17]
This derives from Kant's claim that the sense of duty, the rational respect for law, motivates morality: it demands that we respect the rationality of all beings. A rational being cannot rationally consent to be used merely as a means to an end, so they must always be treated as an end. [ 27 ]
A thesaurus (pl.: thesauri or thesauruses), sometimes called a synonym dictionary or dictionary of synonyms, is a reference work which arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words), [1] [2] sometimes as a hierarchy of broader and narrower terms, sometimes simply as lists of synonyms and antonyms.
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For example, by using a subscript for agent , means that "It is an obligation for agent (to bring it about/make it happen) that ". Note that A {\displaystyle A} could be stated as an action by another agent; One example is "It is an obligation for Adam that Bob doesn't crash the car", which would be represented as O A d a m B {\displaystyle O ...