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  2. Classical definition of probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_definition_of...

    The classical definition of probability assigns equal probabilities to events based on physical symmetry which is natural for coins, cards and dice. Some mathematicians object that the definition is circular. [11] The probability for a "fair" coin is... A "fair" coin is defined by a probability of... The definition is very limited.

  3. Actuarial science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science

    Actuarial science became a formal mathematical discipline in the late 17th century with the increased demand for long-term insurance coverage such as burial, life insurance, and annuities. These long term coverages required that money be set aside to pay future benefits, such as annuity and death benefits many years into the future.

  4. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    This definition makes the concept of proof amenable to study. Indeed, the field of proof theory studies formal proofs and their properties, the most famous and surprising being that almost all axiomatic systems can generate certain undecidable statements not provable within the system. The definition of a formal proof is intended to capture the ...

  5. Actuarial present value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_present_value

    The actuarial present value (APV) is the expected value of the present value of a contingent cash flow stream (i.e. a series of payments which may or may not be made). Actuarial present values are typically calculated for the benefit-payment or series of payments associated with life insurance and life annuities. The probability of a future ...

  6. Life insurance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance

    Permanent life insurance is life insurance that covers the remaining lifetime of the insured. A permanent insurance policy accumulates a cash value up to its date of maturation. The owner can access the money in the cash value by withdrawing money, borrowing the cash value, or surrendering the policy and receiving the surrender value.

  7. The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life [131] or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated. [132]

  8. M. Friedman has paid for property insurance on his Coral Gables home for 17 years — but he’s now debating whether it’s still worth it in the face of rising insurance costs across Florida.

  9. Testability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testability

    Testability is a primary aspect of science [1] and the scientific method. There are two components to testability: Falsifiability or defeasibility, which means that counterexamples to the hypothesis are logically possible. The practical feasibility of observing a reproducible series of such counterexamples if they do exist.