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  2. Restriction map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_map

    A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA.Restriction mapping requires the use of restriction enzymes.In molecular biology, restriction maps are used as a reference to engineer plasmids or other relatively short pieces of DNA, and sometimes for longer genomic DNA.

  3. Second messenger system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger_system

    There are three basic types of secondary messenger molecules: [citation needed] Hydrophobic molecules: water-insoluble molecules such as diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositols, which are membrane-associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane into the intermembrane space where they can reach and regulate membrane-associated effector proteins.

  4. AQA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQA

    AQA Education, [1] trading as AQA (formerly the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance), is an awarding body in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.It compiles specifications and holds examinations in various subjects at GCSE, AS and A Level and offers vocational qualifications.

  5. CT scan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan

    Download as PDF; Printable version; ... a level that corresponds to bone). ... to the organ in question Annual background radiation 2.4 [182] 2.4 ...

  6. Ecosystem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

    An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment. [2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

  7. Acid dissociation constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant

    These calculations find application in many different areas of chemistry, biology, medicine, and geology. For example, many compounds used for medication are weak acids or bases, and a knowledge of the p K a values, together with the octanol-water partition coefficient , can be used for estimating the extent to which the compound enters the ...

  8. Protein crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_crystallization

    For over 150 years, scientists from all around the world have known about the crystallization of protein molecules. [6]In 1840, Friedrich Ludwig Hünefeld accidentally discovered the formation of crystalline material in samples of earthworm blood held under two glass slides and occasionally observed small plate-like crystals in desiccated swine or human blood samples.

  9. Water potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_potential

    Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension).