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The Gutian dynasty (Sumerian: ππΎππ , gu-ti-um KI) was a line of kings, originating among the Gutian people.Originally thought to be a horde that swept in and brought down Akkadian and Sumerian rule in Mesopotamia, the Gutians are now known to have been in the area for at least a century by then.
The Sumerian king list suggests that the Guti ruled over Sumer for several generations following the fall of the Akkadian Empire. [ 3 ] By the mid 1st millennium BC, usage of the name Gutium, by the peoples of lowland Mesopotamia , had expanded to include all of northwestern Iran , between the Zagros Mountains and the Tigris River .
King of Sumer and Akkad (Sumerian: ππ πππ π΅ lugal-ki-en-gi-ki-uri [2], Akkadian: šar mΔt Šumeri u Akkadi) [3] was a royal title in Ancient Mesopotamia combining the titles of "King of Akkad", the ruling title held by the monarchs of the Akkadian Empire (2334–2154 BC) with the title of "King of Sumer".
Map of the Akkadian Empire under Shar-Kali-Sharri. Shar-Kali-Sharri succeeded his father Naram-Sin in c. 2217 BC. According to the Sumerian King List his reign lasted 25 year which is closely matched by the year name from his rule. [7] He completed the establishment of direct Akkadian rule, a process initiated by his predecessor. [8]
Akkadian conquest of Ebla; Magan revolt; Lullubi campaign of Naram-sin; Gutian period. c. 2193 – c. 2123 BC Gutian attacks on the Akkadian Empire; c. 2123 BC – 2112 BC After defeating the Gutian ruler Tirigan in Sumer with the aid of other cities, Utu-hengal of Uruk established himself as the king of Sumer; Ur III period
The Akkadian Empire (/ Ι Λ k eΙͺ d i Ιn /) [2] was the first known ancient empire in the world, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.Centered on the city of Akkad (/ Λ æ k æ d /) [3] and its surrounding region, the empire united Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule and exercised significant influence across Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia, sending military ...
Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 2100–2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use for some time.
Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the third and the second millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate), [27] but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD.