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Extrinsic emotion regulation efforts by caregivers, including situation selection, modification, and distraction, are particularly important for infants. [72] The emotion regulation strategies employed by caregivers to attenuate distress or to up-regulate positive affect in infants can impact the infants' emotional and behavioral development ...
Caregivers use strategies such as distraction and sensory input (e.g., rocking, stroking) to regulate infants’ emotions. Despite a reliance on caregivers to change the intensity, duration, and frequency of emotions, infants are capable of engaging in self-regulation strategies as young as 4 months.
Emotional development is a lifelong process and these skills develop at an early age. [27] In the early years, children develop basic emotions such as joy, fear, sadness, anger, interest and surprise. [28] The relationship with the primary caregivers plays a crucial role in the emotional development of young children.
Axis II focuses on children and infants developing in the context of emotional relationships. Specifically, the quality of caregiving can have a strong impact on nurturance and steering a child on a particular developmental course, either adaptive or maladaptive.
Childhood attachment can define characteristics that will shape the child's sense of self, their forms of emotion-regulation, and how they carry out relationships with others. [4] Attachment is found in all mammals to some degree, especially primates. Attachment theory has led to a new understanding of child development.
Current research indicates that parent-child relationships characterized by less affection and greater hostility may result in children developing emotional regulation problems. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] If the child's emotional needs are ignored or rejected, they may experience greater difficulty dealing with emotions in the future. [ 30 ]
Co-regulation has been identified as a critical precursor for emotional self-regulation.Infants have instinctive regulatory behaviors, such as gaze redirection, body re-positioning, self-soothing, distraction, problem solving, and venting, [3] but the most effective way for an infant to regulate distress is to seek out help from a caregiver.
The Interpersonal World of the Infant (1985) is one of the most prominent works of psychoanalyst Daniel N. Stern, in which he describes the development of four interrelated senses of self. [1] These senses of self develop over the lifespan, but make significant developmental strides during sensitive periods in the first two years of life.