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It was the last in a series of at least four caldera-forming eruptions there, the earlier known caldera having formed about 1.2 million years ago. [3] This, the last eruption had an estimated volcanic explosivity index of 8, making it the largest known explosive volcanic eruption in the Quaternary, and one of the largest known explosive ...
The controversial Toba catastrophe theory, presented in the late 1990s to early 2000s, suggested that a bottleneck of the human population occurred approximately 75,000 years ago, proposing that the human population was reduced to perhaps 10,000–30,000 individuals [14] when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a major ...
Extinction Date Probable causes [2] Quaternary: Holocene extinction: c. 10,000 BC – Ongoing: Humans [3] Quaternary extinction event: 640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago: Unknown; may include climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and Humans (largely by human overhunting) [4] [5] [6] Neogene: Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction: 2 Ma
About 74,000 years ago, Sumatra’s Mount Toba experienced a super-eruption, one of the largest in Earth’s history, potentially kicking off a massive disruption in the world’s climate.
Known as a super eruption for its magnitude, the event emptied out enough volcanic material to produce the 30-by-40-mile-wide caldera. The National Park Service said the eruption covered an area ...
When dinosaurs got big. Another period of extreme volcanic activity 201 million years ago marked the end-Triassic mass extinction. It has been linked to the breakup of the Pangea supercontinent ...
The Siberian Traps are thought to have played a significant role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago. Formation of the Emeishan Traps began 260 million years ago. The Late Devonian extinction occurs about 374 million years ago. The Ordovician–Silurian extinction event occurs between 450 and 440 million years ago.
[16] [17] The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago, while a violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone 174,000 years ago. Smaller steam explosions occur as well. An explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 km (3.1 mi) diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake (located in the center of the caldera).