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The World Health Organization (WHO) does not recommend the use of combined oral contraceptive pills in women with breast cancer. [41] [97] Since combined oral contraceptive pills contain both estrogen and progestin, they are not recommended to be used in those with hormonally-sensitive cancers, including some types of breast cancer.
The most common side-effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Vaginal ring use can include additional side-effects including vaginal irritation and vaginal discharge. Contraceptive skin patch use can also include a side-effect of skin irritation around the patch site. [39]
Side effects can include nausea, headache, blood clots, breast pain, depression, and liver problems. [3] Use is not recommended during pregnancy, the initial three weeks after childbirth, and in those at high risk of blood clots. [3] However, it may be started immediately after a miscarriage or abortion. [5]
These differences make EE more favorable for use in birth control pills than estradiol, though also result in an increased risk of blood clots and certain other rare adverse effects. [7] EE was developed in the 1930s and was introduced for medical use in 1943. [13] [14] The medication started being used in birth control pills in the 1960s. [15]
Progestogen-only pills (POPs), colloquially known as "mini pills", are a type of oral contraceptive that contain synthetic progestogens and do not contain estrogens. [4] They are primarily used for the prevention of undesired pregnancy, although additional medical uses also exist.
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
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