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Autoimmune encephalitis might occur without the identification of any pathogenic antibody, in which case it is called seronegative autoimmune encephalitis. [ 4 ] It can be further categorized in three subtypes: antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune limbic encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
Causes of encephalitis include viruses such as herpes simplex virus and rabies virus as well as bacteria, fungi, or parasites. [1] [2] Other causes include autoimmune diseases and certain medications. [2] In many cases the cause remains unknown. [2] Risk factors include a weak immune system. [2]
This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed ...
Anti-VGKC-complex encephalitis are caused by antibodies against the voltage gated potassium channel-complex (VGKC-complex) and are implicated in several autoimmune conditions including limbic encephalitis, epilepsy and neuromyotonia (i.e. Isaacs' Syndrome). [1] Research into autoimmune encephalitides have significantly advanced recently. Both ...
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune encephalitis. It can cause paranoid and grandiose delusions, agitation, hallucinations (visual and auditory), bizarre behavior, fear, short-term memory loss, and confusion. [9] HIV encephalopathy can lead to dementia. [citation needed]
A 29-year-old man’s debilitating night terrors were the first sign of rare autoimmune disorder that rapidly progressed, landing him in the intensive care unit in a “catatonic state.”
The potentially deadly affliction can be brought on by factors ranging from mosquito bites to COVID-19 and other illnesses. But many doctors still don’t know the symptoms of encephalitis.
The estimated number of cases of the disease is 1.5 per million people per year. [7] According to the California Encephalitis Project, the disease has a higher incidence than its individual viral counterparts in patients younger than 30. [35] The largest case series as of 2013 characterized 577 people with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.