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A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...
A Zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate (FHR) is defined as FHR baseline amplitude changes of more than 25 beats per minute (bpm) with a minimum duration of 2 minutes and maximum of 30 minutes. [19] However, according to another study, even a >1 min duration of the zigzag pattern is associated with an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. [21]
Women are 4-5 times more likely to develop a clot during pregnancy and in the postpartum period than when they are not pregnant. [25] Hypercoagulability in pregnancy likely evolved to protect women from hemorrhage at the time of miscarriage or childbirth. In developing countries, the leading cause of maternal death is still hemorrhage. [25]
Historically, the rate of fetal death in the setting of cord prolapse has been as high 40%. [16] However, these estimates occurred in the context of home or births outside of the hospital. When considering cord prolapses that have occurred in inpatient labor and delivery settings, the rate drops to as low as 0-3%, [ 12 ] though the mortality ...
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2] [1] [3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [4]
Preterm birth is the birth of an infant at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age. Globally, about 15 million infants were born before 37 weeks of gestation . [ 147 ] Premature birth is the leading cause of death in children under five years of age though many that survive experience disabilities including learning defects and visual and hearing ...
These tests can include prenatal testing, such as fetal movement and amniotic fluid levels, Doppler examination, or fetal heart rate. [36] Another risk factor is premature birth in which medical intervention, such as premature birth prevention or C-section delivery, can be used as prevention for intrauterine hypoxia. [37]
Cardiac activity is visible beginning at approximately 5 weeks of pregnancy. The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother's, about 75-80 beats per minute (BPM). The embryonic heart rate (EHR) then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165-185 BPM during the early 7th week, (early 9th week after the LMP).