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In ex vivo gene therapies, such as CAR-T therapeutics, the patient's own cells (autologous) or healthy donor cells (allogeneic) are modified outside the body (hence, ex vivo) using a vector to express a particular protein, such as a chimeric antigen receptor. [62]
In science, ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions. [ 2 ] A primary advantage of using ex vivo tissues is the ability to perform tests or measurements that would otherwise not be possible or ethical in living subjects.
Gene therapy seeks to modulate or otherwise affect gene expression via the introduction of a therapeutic transgene. Gene therapy by viral vectors can be performed by in vivo delivery by directly administering the vector to the patient, or ex vivo by extracting cells from the patient, transducing them, and then reintroducing the modified cells ...
Current uses of transdifferentiation include disease modeling and drug discovery and in the future may include gene therapy and regenerative medicine. [3] The term 'transdifferentiation' was originally coined by Selman and Kafatos [ 4 ] in 1974 to describe a change in cell properties as cuticle producing cells became salt-secreting cells in ...
How vectors work to transfer genetic material. Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).
A more recent focus of the journal includes Cell Therapy, with genetic modification, in essence ex vivo gene therapy. Previous issues have focused on the latest developments in gene transfer, gene expression and regulation, development of novel gene delivery vectors, and ex vivo gene therapies, animal models, and human therapeutic applications.
In diseases that are secondary to a genetic mutation that causes the lack of a gene, the gene is added back in. [24] [25] [26] In diseases that are due to the overexpression of a gene, viral genetic engineering may be introduced to turn off the gene. [24] [25] [26] Viral gene therapy may be done in vivo or ex vivo.
Primary cell culture is the ex vivo culture of cells freshly obtained from a multicellular organism, as opposed to the culture of immortalized cell lines.In general, primary cell cultures are considered more representative of in vivo tissues than cell lines, and this is recognized legally in some countries such as the UK (Human Tissue Act 2004). [1]