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Friedrich Ratzel (August 30, 1844 – August 9, 1904) was a German-French-Swiss geographer and ethnographer, notable for first using the term Lebensraum ("living space") in the sense that the National Socialists later would.
Geopolitics shared Ratzel's scientific materialism and geographic determinism, and held that human society was determined by external influences—in the face of which qualities held innately by individuals or groups were of reduced or no significance. National Socialism rejected in principle both materialism and determinism and also elevated ...
Geopolitik was a German school of geopolitics which existed between the late 19th century and World War II.. It developed from the writings of various European and American philosophers, geographers and military personnel, including Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), Alexander Humboldt (1769–1859), Karl Ritter (1779–1859), Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), Rudolf Kjellén (1864–1922), Alfred ...
Kjellén's geopolitical interpretation of the Lebensraum concept was adopted, expanded, and adapted to the politics of Germany by publicists of imperialism such as the militarist General Friedrich von Bernhardi (1849–1930) and the political geographer and proponent of geopolitics Karl Haushofer (1869–1946).
At the same time, Ratzel was creating a theory of states based around the concepts of Lebensraum and Social Darwinism. He argued that states were analogous to 'organisms' that needed sufficient room in which to live. Both of these writers created the idea of a political and geographical science, with an objective view of the world.
When Benjamin Netanyahu meets U.S. President Donald Trump on Tuesday, the Israeli prime minister is expected to try to turn the page on sometimes tense relations with the Biden White House as the ...
Social Security recipients saw their monthly check grow by 2.5% in 2025 thanks to a cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) designed to offset the dollar-diminishing power of inflation. Beneficiaries get ...
Barclays customers are experiencing intermittent errors with payments and transfers for a second day after serious IT problems that also affected the bank's app and online banking.