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Collection implementations in pre-JDK 1.2 versions of the Java platform included few data structure classes, but did not contain a collections framework. [4] The standard methods for grouping Java objects were via the array, the Vector, and the Hashtable classes, which unfortunately were not easy to extend, and did not implement a standard member interface.
In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled.
An internal iterator is a higher-order function (often taking anonymous functions) that traverses a collection while applying a function to each element. For example, Python's map function applies a caller-defined function to each element:
The sequence of functions f n is called a Picard sequence, [8] [9] named after Charles Émile Picard. For a given x in X, the sequence of values f n (x) is called the orbit of x. If f n (x) = f n+m (x) for some integer m > 0, the orbit is called a periodic orbit. The smallest such value of m for a given x is called the period of the orbit.
A floating-point variable can represent a wider range of numbers than a fixed-point variable of the same bit width at the cost of precision. A signed 32-bit integer variable has a maximum value of 2 31 − 1 = 2,147,483,647, whereas an IEEE 754 32-bit base-2 floating-point variable has a maximum value of (2 − 2 −23 ) × 2 127 ≈ 3.4028235 ...
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Double-precision floating-point format (sometimes called FP64 or float64) is a floating-point number format, usually occupying 64 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide range of numeric values by using a floating radix point. Double precision may be chosen when the range or precision of single precision would be insufficient. In the IEEE ...
Although reserved as a keyword in Java, goto is not used and has no function. [2] [26] strictfp (added in J2SE 1.2) [4] Although reserved as a keyword in Java, strictfp is obsolete, and no longer has any function. [27] Previously this keyword was used to restrict the precision and rounding of floating point calculations to ensure portability. [8]