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Wave pounding is the 'sledge hammer' effect of tonnes of water crashing against cliffs. It shakes and weakens the rocks leaving them open to attack from hydraulic action and abrasion. Eroded material gets carried away by the wave. Wave pounding is particularly fierce in a storm, where the waves are exceptionally large, and have a lot of energy ...
The medium hardness of these rocks means medium resistance to abrasive and attritive erosion. A more resistant layer may form a capstone . (Cliffs with weaker rock, such as claystone or highly jointed rock, tend to slump and erode too quickly to form stacks, while harder rocks such as granite erode in different ways.) [ 4 ]
A plunging wave breaks with more energy than a significantly larger spilling wave. The wave can trap and compress the air under the lip, which creates the "crashing" sound associated with waves. With large waves, this crash can be felt by beachgoers on land. Offshore wind conditions can make plungers more likely.
The best-known example in Germany is the Lange Anna on Heligoland, while, in England, a prominent example are Old Harry Rocks in Dorset. Ocean waves crashing against sea cliffs at Cape Pillar, Tasmania in Australia. Furthermore, on a rocky cliffed coast wave action is not the only driving force for coastline retreat.
The quarter wave transformer is an alternative to a stub; but, whereas a stub is terminated in a short (or open) circuit and the length is chosen so as to produce the required impedance transformation, the λ/4 transformer is in series with the load and its length and characteristic impedance are designed to produce the required impedance ...
Waves crash against the sea front in Southsea as Storm Barra hit the UK (Andrew Matthews/PA) Sea water floods the shoreline outside the Royal Oak pub after high tide in Langstone, Hampshire ...
With each nor'easter Roger Ritch experiences, he likes to pretend that he's in a lighthouse three miles offshore rather than in the house bordering the seawall in Marshfield, Massachusetts.
Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth, and travel with a velocity that is lower than the P-, S-, and Love wave velocities. Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake travel along the surface of the earth at about 10 times the speed of sound in air (0.340 km/s ...