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Heterocysts or heterocytes are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc, Cylindrospermum, and Anabaena. [1] They fix nitrogen from dinitrogen (N 2 ) in the air using the enzyme nitrogenase , in order to provide the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis.
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
Aphanizomenon are a special type of cyanobacteria called heterocysts, which are capable of producing biologically useful nitrogen by the process of nitrogen fixation from atmospheric nitrogen. A large proportion (between 35 and 50%) of fixed nitrogen may be released into the surrounding water, providing an important source of biologically ...
Heterocysts on Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. One of the main morphological characteristics of the genus Aphanizomenon is the tendency to form fascicles of trichomes containing mainly vegetative cells. [6] [5] The individual vegetative cells that form Aphanizomenon flos-aquae are cylindrical and elongated. Each cell is composed of hyaline. [5]
Free-living cyanobacteria are present in the water of rice paddies, and cyanobacteria can be found growing as epiphytes on the surfaces of the green alga, Chara, where they may fix nitrogen. [65] Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (a symbiont of the aquatic fern Azolla ) can provide rice plantations with biofertilizer .
An electrode in which oxidation takes place is called an anode while in that which reduction takes place is called cathode. This applies for both electrolytic and electrochemical cells, though the charge on them reverses. The red cat and an ox mnemonics are useful to remember the same. Red cat: Reduction at cathode; An ox: Anode for oxidation. [32]
In cyanobacteria, akinetes usually develop in strings with each cell differentiating after another and this occurs next to heterocysts if they are present. [1] Development usually occurs during stationary phase and is triggered by unfavorable conditions such as insufficient light or nutrients, temperature, and saline levels in the environment.
Hopefully, they have managed to reach the plant host by this time. The bacteria then differentiate specialized nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts and enter into a working symbiosis with the plant. Depending on species, Hormogonia can be many hundreds of micrometers in length and can travel as fast as 11 μm/s.