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Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures. [ 1 ] It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. [ 2 ]
Around 90% of all pharmaceutical separations are performed on normal phase silica gel; however, other stationary phases such as alumina can be used for samples with dissociating compounds and cellulose for ionic compounds. [4] The reverse-phase HPTLC method (similar methodology to reverse-phase TLC) is used for compounds with high polarity.
It is widely used in analytical chemistry; though the high temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat denatures them), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields. It is ...
Here, paper is used to support the stationary phase, water. Polar water molecules are held inside the void space of the cellulose network of the paper. The difference between TLC and paper chromatography is that the stationary phase in TLC is a layer of adsorbent (usually silica gel , or aluminium oxide ), and the stationary phase in paper ...
The FBISE was established under the FBISE Act 1975. [2] It is an autonomous body of working under the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training. [3] The official website of FBISE was launched on June 7, 2001, and was inaugurated by Mrs. Zobaida Jalal, the Minister for Education [4] The first-ever online result of FBISE was announced on 18 August 2001. [5]
Two-dimensional chromatograph GCxGC-TOFMS at Chemical Faculty of GUT Gdańsk, Poland, 2016. Two-dimensional chromatography is a type of chromatographic technique in which the injected sample is separated by passing through two different separation stages.
In chromatography, the retardation factor (R) is the fraction of an analyte in the mobile phase of a chromatographic system. [1] In planar chromatography in particular, the retardation factor R F is defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by the center of a spot to the distance traveled by the solvent front. [2]
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is a mode of liquid chromatography in which non-polar stationary phase and polar mobile phases are used for the separation of organic compounds. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The vast majority of separations and analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in recent years are done using the ...