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  2. Wöhler synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wöhler_synthesis

    Alternatively the reaction can be carried out with lead cyanate and ammonia. [4] The actual reaction taking place is a double displacement reaction to form ammonium cyanate: Pb(OCN) 2 + 2 NH 3 + 2 H 2 O → Pb(OH) 2 + 2NH 4 (OCN) Ammonium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and cyanic acid which in turn react to produce urea: NH 4 (OCN) → NH 3 ...

  3. Friedrich Wöhler - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wöhler

    Liebig and Wöhler recognized these as examples of structural isomerism, which was a significant advance in understanding chemical isomerism. [ 19 ] Wöhler has also been regarded as a pioneering researcher in organic chemistry as a result of his 1828 demonstration of the laboratory synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate , in a chemical ...

  4. Vitalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism

    John Scott Haldane adopted an anti-mechanist approach to biology and an idealist philosophy early on in his career. Haldane saw his work as a vindication of his belief that teleology was an essential concept in biology. His views became widely known with his first book Mechanism, life and personality in 1913. [21]

  5. Biological process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_process

    Response to stimuli: a response can take many forms, from the contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular organisms. A response is often expressed by motion; for example, the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism), and chemotaxis.

  6. Biological basis of personality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_basis_of...

    However, this definition and theory of biological basis is not universally accepted. There are many conflicting theories of personality in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, philosophy, and neuroscience. A few examples of this are the nature vs. nurture debate and how the idea of a 'soul' fits into biological theories of personality. [1]

  7. List of multiple discoveries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries

    Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; [3] the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of the evolution ...

  8. Physiological psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_psychology

    A psychologists with the focus of health psychology would have a biopsychosocial model approach with patients. Forensic psychologists usually have a background in criminal justice and pursue a master's in forensic psychology. Clinical psychology can be pursued in education by a master's or a PsyD program to receive more research or academic ...

  9. Cognitive biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_biology

    Cognitive biology is an emerging science that regards natural cognition as a biological function. [1] It is based on the theoretical assumption that every organism—whether a single cell or multicellular—is continually engaged in systematic acts of cognition coupled with intentional behaviors, i.e., a sensory-motor coupling. [2]