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Fred A. Lennon and Cullen B. Crawford founded Crawford Fitting Company in Cleveland, Ohio, in July 1947 to manufacture the Swagelok tube fitting, which used a two-ferrule design to “swage” or form the tube and lock it into place. One year later, Lennon bought out Crawford and continued to grow the business.
In a flare fitting the tube itself is "flared" i.e. expanded and deformed at the end. The flare is then pressed against the fitting it connects to and is secured by a close-fitting nut that ensures that no leakage happens. Tube flaring is a type of forging operation, [1] and is usually a cold working procedure.
Lokring designs patented, [4] weld equivalent pipe and tube fittings such as couplings, flanges, elbows, adapters, and more. The unique technology of the patented [ 4 ] Lokring fittings utilize "Elastic Strain Preload" [ 5 ] (ESP), and possesses a metal to metal leak-free seal that compresses or swages the pipe/tube wall.
A fitting or adapter is used in pipe systems to connect sections of pipe (designated by nominal size, with greater tolerances of variance) or tube (designated by actual size, with lower tolerance for variance), adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow.
Designed to run on the existing 125 W (240 V) series ballast but with a different gas fill and operating voltage, the tube operated at only 100 W. Increased efficiency meant that the tube produced only 9% lumen reduction for a 20% power reduction. [7] This first energy-saving tube design remains a T12 tube even today.
JIC hydraulic fitting from 1967 Ford backhoe. It was badly stuck, but shows what a JIC fitting looks like. The left is the male part, the right is female. A JIC bulkhead adapter, which converts National Pipe Thread (NPT) on the left to JIC on the right. The angled seating surface is clearly visible on the far right.