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In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat, or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner [they] otherwise would not [or would]".
Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their own interests. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of bodily harm, but also psychological abuse (the latter intended to enhance the perceived credibility of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced.
Duress, commercial pressure CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v Gallaher Ltd [1993] EWCA Civ 19 is an English contract law case relating to duress . It raised the question whether an act could be considered to be economic duress if the act would in any event be lawful.
Duress has been defined as a "threat of harm made to compel a person to do something against his or her will or judgment; esp., a wrongful threat made by one person to compel a manifestation of seeming assent by another person to a transaction without real volition". [5] An example is in Barton v Armstrong, [6] a decision of the Privy Council ...
However, contrasting to cases involving business parties, the threat to do a lawful act will probably be duress if used against a vulnerable person. [4] An obvious case involving "lawful act duress" is blackmail. The blackmailer does not have to defend the lawful act they threaten (for example, revealing a secret), but they must defend the ...
Necessity and duress (compulsion) are different defenses in a criminal case. [1] [2] [3] The defense of duress applies when another person threatens imminent harm if defendant did not act to commit the crime. The defense of necessity applies when defendant is forced by natural circumstances to choose between two evils, and the criminal act is ...
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Most requirements for a successful actus reus require a voluntary act, or omission, for evidence of fault. There is also a requirement for a clear causation, there is no liability or fault if the defendant was not actually the sole cause of the act, this is so if there was an intervention of a third party, an unexpected natural event, or the victim's own act.