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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
A coil of wire attached to the pointer twists in a magnetic field against the resistance of a torsion spring. Hooke's law ensures that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current. A DMD or digital micromirror device chip is at the heart of many video projectors. It uses hundreds of thousands of tiny mirrors on tiny torsion springs ...
The first constitutive equation (constitutive law) was developed by Robert Hooke and is known as Hooke's law.It deals with the case of linear elastic materials.Following this discovery, this type of equation, often called a "stress-strain relation" in this example, but also called a "constitutive assumption" or an "equation of state" was commonly used.
Hooke's law may be written in terms of tensor components using index notation as = +, where δ ij is the Kronecker delta. The two parameters together constitute a parameterization of the elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic media, popular in mathematical literature, and are thus related to the other elastic moduli ; for instance, the bulk ...
More generally, two or more springs are in series when any external stress applied to the ensemble gets applied to each spring without change of magnitude, and the amount strain (deformation) of the ensemble is the sum of the strains of the individual springs.
However, if the mass is displaced from the equilibrium position, the spring exerts a restoring elastic force that obeys Hooke's law. Mathematically, F = − k x , {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =-k\mathbf {x} ,} where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring (in SI units: N ), k is the spring constant ( N ·m −1 ), and x is the ...
[note 1] This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum. A general fourth-rank tensor in 3D has 3 4 = 81 independent components , but the elasticity tensor has at most 21 independent components. [3]
These integral expressions are a generalization of Hooke's law in the case of anelasticity, and they show that material acts almost as they have a memory of their history of stress and strain. These two of equations imply that there is a relation between the J(t) and M(t).