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The classic work on the Ludi Romani is Mommsen's article "Die Ludi Magni und Romani" in his Römische Forschungen, ii. 42-57 = Rheinisches Museum, xiv. 79–87; see also his Roman History, i. 235-237 (where the Greek influences on the Roman games are traced), 472, 473; and Friedländer in Marquardt's Staatsverwaltung, iii. 477, 478.
Originally, all ludi seem to have been votive offerings (ludi votivi), staged as the fulfillment of a vow to a deity whose favor had been sought and evidenced. In 366 BC, the Ludi Romani became the first games to be placed on the religious calendar as an annual event sponsored by the state as a whole. [9]
5–19, Ludi Romani or Ludi Magni, "the oldest and most famous" of the ludi [19] 13 (Ides): anniversary of the Temple to Jupiter Optimus Maximus; an Epulum Iovis; an epulum to the Capitoline Triad; 14: Equorum probatio ("Approval of the Horses"), a cavalry parade of the Imperial period
A similar-sounding event during the ludi Romani at the time of the Second Punic War is also uncertain as evidence for an earlier staging. [10] Panel from the Gundestrup Cauldron sometimes interpreted as depicting an equestrian ritual of initiation Detail of foot soldiers from the opposite side of the Truia wine-server
The Augustalia, also known as the Ludi Augustales ("Augustan Games"), was a festival celebrated October 12 in honor of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. It was established in conjunction with an altar to Fortuna Redux to mark the return of Augustus from Asia Minor to Rome in 19 BC. [ 1 ]
The most detailed description of the pompa circensis during the Republican era is given by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, based on eyewitness observation and the historian Fabius Pictor, [2] who says he is describing the original Ludi Romani; Fabius may, however, have been more influenced by what he saw in the pompa of the Saecular Games in 249 BC.
It was celebrated during the Ludi Romani ("Roman Games") and the Ludi Plebeii ("Plebeian Games"). [2] The gods were formally invited, and attended in the form of statues. [3] These were arranged on luxurious couches placed at the most honorable part of the table. Fine food was served, as if they were able to eat.
The Ludi Romani are the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC. On the Ides of September (the 13th), Jupiter was honored with a public banquet, the Epulum Jovis . [ 2 ] A nail-driving ritual in the temple marked the passing of the political year during the Republican era , and in the earliest period , the consuls took office ...