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Roman emperor Diocletian, who framed the constitution of the Tetrarchy. Under Diocletian's new constitution, power was shared between two emperors called Augusti.The establishment of two co-equal Augusti marked a rebirth of the old republican principle of collegiality, as all laws, decrees, and appointments that came from one of the Augusti, were to be recognized as coming from both conjointly.
The clupeus uirtutis or shield of honour granted to Caesar Augustus by the Senate, apparently along with the name "Augustus" and the right to display an oak wreath over his door [18] Eschewing the open anti-elitism exhibited by Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony, Augustus modified the political system in this settlement, making it palatable to the ...
The censors also participated in tax farming through their auctions; they auctioned off the space of a lustrum to the highest bidder in return for tithes and taxes. [27] [28] [29] Censors had similar duties to a modern minister of finance. They could impose new vectiglia, [30] sell government land, [31] and manage the budget.
With the solidification of Augustus' rule, the Roman Republic came to an end. The office of censor nominally continued a small way into the Roman Empire, for example in 14 AD when Caesar Augustus held the office with Tiberius Caesar.
Augustus' final goal was to figure out a method to ensure an orderly succession. Under Augustus' constitution, the Senate and the People of Rome held the supreme power, and all of his special powers were granted for either a fixed term, or for life. Therefore, Augustus could not transfer his powers to a successor upon his death. [8]
Both his adoptive surname, Caesar, and his title augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death, in use both at Old Rome and at New Rome. In many languages, Caesar became the word for emperor, as in the German Kaiser and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian Tsar (sometimes Csar ...
Scipio commanded "without skill or success", [10] and Caesar won a crushing victory which ended the war. [10] Piso was forgiven in a general amnesty and seemed to come to terms with Caesar's victory. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, he joined with the tyrannicides, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, during their civil war. [11]
Maximinus II (caesar, 1 May 305; co-augustus, 1 May 310–early May 311) [7] Constantius I "Chlorus" Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius (West) 1 May 305 – 25 July 306 (1 year, 2 months and 24 days) Diocletian (augustus, 1 March 293–1 May 305) Maximian (augustus, 1 April 286–1 May 305) Galerius (caesar, 21 March 293; co-augustus, 1 May ...