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A classification of SQL injection attacking vector as of 2010. In computing, SQL injection is a code injection technique used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker).
An SQL injection takes advantage of SQL syntax to inject malicious commands that can read or modify a database or compromise the meaning of the original query. [13] For example, consider a web page that has two text fields which allow users to enter a username and a password.
To learn a password from a hash is to find a string which, when input into the hash function, creates that same hash. This is the same as inverting the hash function. Though brute-force attacks (e.g. dictionary attacks) may be used to try to invert a hash function, they can become infeasible when the set of possible passwords is large enough.
It is common for a web application to store in a database the hash value of a user's password. Without a salt, a successful SQL injection attack may yield easily crackable passwords. Because many users re-use passwords for multiple sites, the use of a salt is an important component of overall web application security. [14]
Passwords were stored in cleartext in the database and were extracted through an SQL injection vulnerability. The Imperva Application Defense Center (ADC) did an analysis on the strength of the passwords. [22] Some of the key findings were: about 30% of users chose passwords whose length was below seven characters,
Major DBMSs, including SQLite, [5] MySQL, [6] Oracle, [7] IBM Db2, [8] Microsoft SQL Server [9] and PostgreSQL [10] support prepared statements. Prepared statements are normally executed through a non-SQL binary protocol for efficiency and protection from SQL injection, but with some DBMSs such as MySQL prepared statements are also available using a SQL syntax for debugging purposes.
Because HTML documents have a flat, serial structure that mixes control statements, formatting, and the actual content, any non-validated user-supplied data included in the resulting page without proper HTML encoding, may lead to markup injection. [10] [12] A classic example of a potential vector is a site search engine: if one searches for a ...
The following attack on a one-time pad allows full recovery of the secret key. Suppose the message length and key length are equal to n. The adversary sends a string consisting of n zeroes to the oracle. The oracle returns the bitwise exclusive-or of the key with the string of zeroes. The string returned by the oracle is the secret key.