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Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement.It was introduced by American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986. [1] [2]Six Sigma strategies seek to improve manufacturing quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.
In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
In the long term, processes can shift or drift significantly (most control charts are only sensitive to changes of 1.5σ or greater in process output). If there was a 1.5 sigma shift 1.5σ off of target in the processes (see Six Sigma), it would then produce these relationships: [5]
There are generally four classes of software used to support the Six Sigma process improvement protocol: Analysis tools, which are used to perform statistical or process analysis; Program management tools, used to manage and track a corporation's entire Six Sigma program; DMAIC and Lean online project collaboration tools for local and global teams;
Lean Six Sigma is a synergized managerial concept of Lean and Six Sigma. [6] Lean traditionally focuses on eliminating the eight kinds of waste (" muda ") , and Six Sigma focuses on improving process output quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in (manufacturing and business) processes.
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CTQ trees are often used as part of Six Sigma methodology to help prioritize such requirements. CTQs represent the product or service characteristics as defined by the customer/user. Customers may be surveyed to elicit quality, service and performance data. They may include upper and lower specification limits or any other factors.
Each thermal profile is ranked on how it fits in a process window (the specification or tolerance limit). [6] Raw temperature values are normalized in terms of a percentage relative to both the process mean and the window limits. The center of the process window is defined as zero, and the extreme edges of the process window are ±99%. [6]