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Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer (/ ˈ f r aʊ n ˌ h oʊ f ər /; German: [ˈfraʊnˌhoːfɐ]; 6 March 1787 – 7 June 1826 [1]) was a German physicist and optical lens manufacturer. He made optical glass, an achromatic telescope, and objective lenses. He developed diffraction grating and also invented the spectroscope.
Between the 11th and 13th centuries, so-called "reading stones" were invented. Often used by monks to assist in illuminating manuscripts, these were primitive plano-convex lenses, initially made by cutting a glass sphere in half.
Reversed achromatic lens. Charles Chevalier's Paris optical firm produced lenses for both Niépce and Daguerre for their experiments in photography.In 1829 [3] [citation needed], Chevalier created an achromatic lens (a two-element lens made from crown glass and flint glass) to cut down on chromatic aberration for Daguerre's experiments.
A burning apparatus consisting of two biconvex lens. A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis.
Objects resembling lenses date back 4000 years although it is unknown if they were used for their optical properties or just as decoration. [6] Greek accounts of the optical properties of water-filled spheres (5th century BC) were followed by many centuries of writings on optics, including Ptolemy (2nd century) in his Optics, who wrote about the properties of light including reflection ...
1270 (approx) — Witelo writes Perspectiva — "Optics" incorporating much of Kitab al-Manazir. [10] 1285–1300 spectacles are invented. [11] 1570 — The writings of Thomas Digges describes how his father, English mathematician and surveyor Leonard Digges (1520–1559), made use of a "proportional Glass" to view distant
The Nimrud lens. Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. The earliest known lenses, made from polished crystal, often quartz, date from as early as 2000 BC from Crete (Archaeological Museum of Heraclion, Greece). Lenses from Rhodes date around 700 BC, as do Assyrian lenses such as the Nimrud lens. [2]
Man with glasses. A woman with glasses. Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are vision eyewear with clear or tinted lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's eyes, typically utilizing a bridge over the nose and hinged arms, known as temples or temple pieces, that rest over the ears for support.