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Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (Modified Schwarz inequality for 2-positive maps [27]) — For a 2-positive map between C*-algebras, for all , in its domain, () ‖ ‖ (), ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖. Another generalization is a refinement obtained by interpolating between both sides of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:
In mathematics the estimation lemma, also known as the ML inequality, gives an upper bound for a contour integral. If f is a complex -valued, continuous function on the contour Γ and if its absolute value | f ( z ) | is bounded by a constant M for all z on Γ , then
The second inequality is the elementary inequality between and . The last inequality follows by applying reverse Fatou lemma , i.e. applying the Fatou lemma to the non-negative functions g − f n {\displaystyle g-f_{n}} , and again (up to sign) cancelling the finite ∫ X g d μ {\displaystyle \int _{X}g\,d\mu } term.
The real absolute value function is an example of a continuous function that achieves a global minimum where the derivative does not exist. The subdifferential of | x | at x = 0 is the interval [−1, 1]. [14] The complex absolute value function is continuous everywhere but complex differentiable nowhere because it violates the Cauchy–Riemann ...
The standard absolute value on the integers. The standard absolute value on the complex numbers.; The p-adic absolute value on the rational numbers.; If R is the field of rational functions over a field F and () is a fixed irreducible polynomial over F, then the following defines an absolute value on R: for () in R define | | to be , where () = () and ((), ()) = = ((), ()).
Bennett's inequality, an upper bound on the probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality , an upper bound on the variance of any bounded probability distribution
Jensen's inequality generalizes the statement that a secant line of a convex function lies above its graph. Visualizing convexity and Jensen's inequality. In mathematics, Jensen's inequality, named after the Danish mathematician Johan Jensen, relates the value of a convex function of an integral to the integral of the convex function.
This Littlewood–Offord lemma states that if S is a set of n real or complex numbers of absolute value at least one and A is any disc of radius one, then not more than ( /) of the 2 n possible subsums of S fall into the disc. In 1945 Paul Erdős improved the upper bound for d = 1 to