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B cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, express B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane. [1] BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a foreign antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response. [1] B cell receptors are extremely specific, with all BCRs on a B cell recognizing the same ...
Differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells is far faster than differentiation by naïve B cells, which allows memory B cells to produce a more efficient secondary immune response. [4] The efficiency and accumulation of the memory B cell response is the foundation for vaccines and booster shots.
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells [1] [2] and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens.
The B- cell receptor extends both outside the cell (above the plasma membrane) and inside the cell (below the membrane). The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane protein on the surface of a B cell. A B-cell receptor is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety.
Germinal centers or germinal centres (GCs) are transiently formed structures within B cell zone (follicles) in secondary lymphoid organs – lymph nodes, ileal Peyer's patches, and the spleen [1] – where mature B cells are activated, proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes (through somatic hypermutation aimed at achieving higher affinity) during a normal immune response ...
Regulatory B cells (Bregs or B reg cells) represent a small population of B cells that participates in immunomodulation and in the suppression of immune responses. The population of Bregs can be further separated into different human or murine subsets such as B10 cells, marginal zone B cells, Br1 cells, GrB + B cells, CD9 + B cells, and even some plasmablasts or plasma cells.
Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (e.g. microbes).A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM diversifies B cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. [1]
The process of immunological B-cell maturation involves transformation from an undifferentiated B cell to one that secretes antibodies with particular specificity. [1] This differentiation and activation of the B cell occurs most rapidly after exposure to antigen by antigen-presenting cells in the reticuloendothelial system, and under modulation by T cells, and is closely intertwined with ...