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The suffix-ly in English is usually a contraction of -like, similar to the Anglo-Saxon-lice and German-lich. [1] It is commonly added to an adjective to form an adverb , but in some cases it is used to form an adjective, such as ugly or manly .
Before -ly, -e was the most common adverbial suffix in Old English. The suffixes were not competing and could even be used interchangeably ( rhyte – rhytlice are both 'rightly' ). Examinations of texts from the time period show that the - e form was more common in poetry, while the -lice form was more common in prose.
Because many words can be extended with prefixes (such as "un-" or "anti-" or "re-") or suffixes (such as "-ly" or "-ing" or "-ness"), a comprehensive list of words prone to misspelling would contain thousands of variations from combining prefixes or suffixes (or both) added to the root words.
William Bullokar wrote the earliest grammar of English, published in 1586.It includes a chapter on adverbs. His definition follows: An adverb is a part of speech joined with a verb or participle to declare their signification more expressly by such adverb: as, come hither if they wilt go forth, sometimes with an adjective: as, thus broad: & sometimes joined with another adverb: as, how soon ...
Some suffixes that are commonly used to form adverbs from nouns are -ward[s] (as in homeward[s]) and -wise (as in lengthwise). Adverbs are also formed by adding -ly to the participles. For example, according, a present participle adjective, becomes accordingly, an adverb, by adding -ly after it.
Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow → slowly).
Here, the phrase has lost its lexical meaning of "allow us" and has become an auxiliary introducing a suggestion, the pronoun 'us' reduced first to a suffix and then to an unanalyzed phoneme. In other areas of linguistics, the term grammaticalization has taken on a much broader meaning. These other senses of the term are discussed below.
The suffixes-er (the "comparative") and -est (the "superlative") are of Germanic origin and are cognate with the Latin suffixes -ior and -issimus and Ancient Greek-ῑ́ων : -īōn and - ῐστος : -istos. They are typically added to shorter words, words of Anglo-Saxon origin, and borrowed words fully assimilated into English vocabulary.