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Chronic atrophic rhinitis, or simply atrophic rhinitis, is a chronic inflammation of the nose characterised by atrophy of nasal mucosa, including the glands, turbinate bones and the nerve elements supplying the nose. Chronic atrophic rhinitis may be primary and secondary.
The major symptoms of ENS include a sensation of suffocation, nasal dryness, nasal burning, nasal crusting, and an impaired sense of airflow through the nose in patients who have had surgery or injury to nasal turbinates. [13] ENS can greatly reduce a patient's quality of life and many patients struggle to complete activities of daily living.
Nasal mucosa has a rich blood supply and has venous sinusoids or "lakes" surrounded by smooth muscle fibers. These smooth muscle fibers act as sphincters and control the filling and emptying of sinusoids. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction and shrinkage of mucosa, which leads to decongestion of the nose.
Surgery should be considered for those with complete nasal obstruction, uncontrolled runny nose, nasal deformity caused by polyps or continued symptoms despite medical management. [7] Surgery serves to remove the polyps as well as the surrounding inflamed mucosa, open obstructed nasal passages, and clear the sinuses.
Post-nasal drip (PND), also known as upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), occurs when excessive mucus is produced by the nasal mucosa. The excess mucus accumulates in the back of the nose , and eventually in the throat once it drips down the back of the throat.
Nasal endoscopy and clinical symptoms are also used to make a positive diagnosis. [28] A tissue sample for histology and cultures can also be collected and tested. [68] Nasal endoscopy involves inserting a flexible fiber-optic tube with a light and camera at its tip into the nose to examine the nasal passages and sinuses.
The functional unity of the two mucosa speaks in favor of this replacement. A distinction is made between acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Acute sinusitis lasts a maximum of 12 weeks. The clinical symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis are purulent nasal secretion, nasal obstruction and/or tension headache or feeling of fullness in the facial area ...
The characteristic symptoms of allergic rhinitis are: rhinorrhea (excess nasal secretion), itching, sneezing fits, and nasal congestion/obstruction. [17] Characteristic physical findings include conjunctival swelling and erythema , eyelid swelling with Dennie–Morgan folds , lower eyelid venous stasis (rings under the eyes known as " allergic ...