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Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; [1] also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. [2] Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or ...
The Cartesian circle (also known as Arnauld's circle [1]) is an example of fallacious circular reasoning attributed to French philosopher René Descartes. He argued that the existence of God is proven by reliable perception , which is itself guaranteed by God.
When the fallacy of begging the question is committed in more than one step, some authors dub it circulus in probando ' reasoning in a circle ', [14] [22] or more commonly, circular reasoning. Begging the question is not considered a formal fallacy (an argument that is defective because it uses an incorrect deductive step ).
For example, connectedness of zones might be enforced, or concurrency of curves or multiple points might be banned, as might tangential intersection of curves. In the adjacent diagram, examples of small Venn diagrams are transformed into Euler diagrams by sequences of transformations; some of the intermediate diagrams have concurrency of curves.
For example, the statement "Green is the best color because it is the greenest of all colors", offers no independent reason besides the initial assumption for its conclusion. Detecting this fallacy can be difficult when a complex argument with many sub-arguments is involved, resulting in a large circle. [12]
Circular references can appear in computer programming when one piece of code requires the result from another, but that code needs the result from the first. For example, the two functions, posn and plus1 in the following Python program comprise a circular reference: [further explanation needed]
A circle is drawn centered on the midpoint of the line segment OP, having diameter OP, where O is again the center of the circle C. The intersection points T 1 and T 2 of the circle C and the new circle are the tangent points for lines passing through P, by the following argument.
The second time around the circle, the new 2nd person dies, then the new 4th person, etc.; it is as though there were no first time around the circle. If the initial number of people were even, then the person in position x during the second time around the circle was originally in position 2 x − 1 {\displaystyle 2x-1} (for every choice of x ).