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The Palmer Method began to fall out of popularity in the 1950s and was eventually supplanted by the Zaner-Bloser Method, which sought to teach children print writing (also called "manuscript printing") before teaching them cursive, in order to provide them with a means of written expression as soon as possible, and thus develop writing skills. [7]
Detail from Zaner's 1896 article: The Line of Direction in Writing [3] A major factor contributing to the development of the Zaner-Bloser teaching script was Zaner's study of the body movements required to create the form of cursive letters when using the 'muscular arm method' of handwriting – such as the Palmer Method – which was prevalent in the United States from the late 19th century.
Thirteen letters change shape between print and cursive, while the slant of 85 degrees, measured counterclockwise from the base line, does not change at all. Thurber designed the D'Nealian Method to alleviate the problems with teaching children the traditional script method and the subsequent difficulty transitioning to cursive writing. [3]
English: The English alphabet, both uppercase and lowercase letters, written in D'Nealian cursive script. The grey arrows, beside each letter/numeral, indicate the starting position for drawing each symbol. For letters which are written using more than one stroke, grey numbers indicate the order in which the lines are drawn.
In the United States, cursive handwriting instruction is provided to elementary school children in some schools, with cursive taught alongside standard handwriting. Due to multiple factors including stylistic choices, and technological advancement, the use of cursive has quickly declined since the start of the 21st century.
Spencerian script, a form of cursive handwriting, was also widely integrated into the school system as an instructional method until the "simpler" Palmer Method replaced it. President James A. Garfield called the Spencerian script, "the pride of our country and the model of our schools."