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Geometry. Parallel postulate; Birkhoff's axioms (4 axioms) Hilbert's axioms (20 axioms) Tarski's axioms (10 axioms and 1 schema) Other axioms
Removing five axioms mentioning "plane" in an essential way, namely I.4–8, and modifying III.4 and IV.1 to omit mention of planes, yields an axiomatization of Euclidean plane geometry. Hilbert's axioms, unlike Tarski's axioms, do not constitute a first-order theory because the axioms V.1–2 cannot be expressed in first-order logic.
Based on ancient Greek methods, an axiomatic system is a formal description of a way to establish the mathematical truth that flows from a fixed set of assumptions. Although applicable to any area of mathematics, geometry is the branch of elementary mathematics in which this method has most extensively been successfully applied.
[1] [5] [6] [7] The term "single-postulate" is misleading because these formulations may rely on unsaid assumptions such as the cosmological principle, that is, the isotropy and homogeneity of space. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] As such, the term does not refer to the exact number of postulates, but is rather used to distinguish such approaches from the "two ...
Euclidean Geometry is constructive. Postulates 1, 2, 3, and 5 assert the existence and uniqueness of certain geometric figures, and these assertions are of a constructive nature: that is, we are not only told that certain things exist, but are also given methods for creating them with no more than a compass and an unmarked straightedge. [8]
In geometry, given a triangle ABC and a point P on its circumcircle, the three closest points to P on lines AB, AC, and BC are collinear. [1] The line through these points is the Simson line of P, named for Robert Simson. [2] The concept was first published, however, by William Wallace in 1799, [3] and is sometimes called the Wallace line. [4]