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An animation of a frequency divider implemented with D flip-flops, counting from 0 to 7 in binary For power-of-2 integer division, a simple binary counter can be used, clocked by the input signal. The least-significant output bit alternates at 1/2 the rate of the input clock, the next bit at 1/4 the rate, the third bit at 1/8 the rate, etc.
When T is held high, the toggle flip-flop divides the clock frequency by two; that is, if clock frequency is 4 MHz, the output frequency obtained from the flip-flop will be 2 MHz. This "divide by" feature has application in various types of digital counters.
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state [1] [2] [3] devices such as relaxation oscillators, timers, latches and flip-flops.The first multivibrator circuit, the astable multivibrator oscillator, was invented by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch during World War I.
AND gated J-K master-slave flip-flop, asynchronous preset and clear (improved 74L72) (16) BL54L67Y: 74L68 2 dual J-K flip-flop, asynchronous clear (improved 74L73) (18) BL54L68Y: 74LS68 2 dual 4-bit decade counters 16 SN74LS68: 74L69 2 dual J-K flip-flop, asynchronous preset, common clock and clear (18) BL54L69Y: 74LS69 2 dual 4-bit binary ...
At each advance, the bit on the far left (i.e. "data in") is shifted into the first flip-flop's output. The bit on the far right (i.e. "data out") is shifted out and lost. The data is stored after each flip-flop on the "Q" output, so there are four storage "slots" available in this arrangement, hence it is a 4-bit register.
A phase frequency detector (PFD) is an asynchronous circuit originally made of four flip-flops (i.e., the phase-frequency detectors found in both the RCA CD4046 and the motorola MC4344 ICs introduced in the 1970s). The logic determines which of the two signals has a zero-crossing earlier or more often.
A CMOS (rotary) traveling wave oscillator or delay line or distributed amplifier runs at a flip-flop compatible frequency, but has sharper edges and sub-edge resolution. If the required time resolution is not high, then counters can be used to make the conversion.
By the 1950s, ring counters with a two-tube or twin-triode flip-flop per stage were appearing. [ 12 ] Robert Royce Johnson developed a number of different shift-register-based counters with the aim of making different numbers of states with the simplest possible feedback logic, and filed for a patent in 1953. [ 13 ]