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A Jablonski diagram describing the mechanism of triplet-triplet annihilation. The energy of the first triplet excited state (T 1) is transferred to a second triplet excited state (T 1), resulting in (1) the first T 1 returning to the singlet ground state S0 and (2) the second T 1 promoting to the singlet excited state (S 1).
Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).
As shown in the figure, the electron's speed is reduced, and the mercury atom becomes "excited". A short time later, the 4.9 eV of energy that was deposited into the mercury atom is released as ultraviolet light that has a wavelength of precisely 254 nm. Following light emission, the mercury atom returns to its original, unexcited state. [16] [17]
Nonradiative transitions arise through several different mechanisms, all differently labeled in the diagram. Relaxation of the excited state to its lowest vibrational level is called vibrational relaxation. This process involves the dissipation of energy from the molecule to its surroundings, and thus it cannot occur for isolated molecules.
Any other configuration is an excited state. As an example, the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1, as deduced from the Aufbau principle (see below). The first excited state is obtained by promoting a 3s electron to the 3p subshell, to obtain the 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1 configuration, abbreviated as the 3p level ...
In a fundamental vibration, the molecule is excited from its ground state (v = 0) to the first excited state (v = 1). The symmetry of the ground-state wave function is the same as that of the molecule. It is, therefore, a basis for the totally symmetric representation in the point group of the molecule. It follows that, for a vibrational ...
The lowest of these states is the ground state and this often, but not always, arises from removal of the electron from the HOMO. The other states are excited electronic states. For example, the electronic configuration of the H 2 O molecule is (1a 1 ) 2 (2a 1 ) 2 (1b 2 ) 2 (3a 1 ) 2 (1b 1 ) 2 , [ 10 ] where the symbols a 1 , b 2 and b 1 are ...
The electron configuration of the new state may result in a shift of the equilibrium position of the nuclei constituting the molecule. In Figure 3 this shift in nuclear coordinates between the ground and the first excited state is labeled as q 01.