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For example, the English phonemes /p/ and /b/ in the words pin and bin feature different voicing, aspiration, and muscular tension. Any one of these features is sufficient to differentiate /p/ from /b/ in English. [2] Generative grammar uses such redundancy to simplify the form of grammatical description. Any feature that can be predicted on ...
Redundancy, and "useless" or "nonsensical" words (or phrases, or morphemes), can also be inherited by one language from the influence of another and are not pleonasms in the more critical sense but actual changes in grammatical construction considered to be required for "proper" usage in the language or dialect in question.
The use of tautologies, however, is usually unintentional. For example, the phrases "mental telepathy", "planned conspiracies", and "small dwarfs" imply that there are such things as physical telepathy, spontaneous conspiracies, and giant dwarfs, which are oxymorons. [8] Parallelism is not tautology, but rather a particular stylistic device.
It is common in information theory to speak of the "rate" or "entropy" of a language. This is appropriate, for example, when the source of information is English prose. The rate of a memoryless source is simply (), since by definition there is no interdependence of the successive messages of a memoryless source. [citation needed]
A limited amount of redundancy can improve the effectiveness of communication, either for the whole readership or at least to offer help to those readers who need it. A phonetic example of that principle is the need for spelling alphabets in radiotelephony. Some instances of RAS syndrome can be viewed as syntactic examples of the principle.
It is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. Examples can be found in language as old as Sumerian, where it was used in forming some color terms, e.g. babbar "white", kukku "black". [2] Reduplication is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature.
Perrault's French fairy tales, for example, were collected more than a century before the Grimms' and provide a more complex view of womanhood. But as the most popular, and the most riffed-on, the Grimms' are worth analyzing, especially because today's women writers are directly confronting the stifling brand of femininity
IP addresses how learners initially perceive and process linguistic data in spoken or written language. [3] [2] The theory addresses the psycholinguistic strategies and mechanisms that learners use to derive intake from input and also asks which psycholinguistic strategies the second language (L2) learner tends to rely upon during input processing.